Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse Effect is a term for the role the atmosphere plays in helping warm the earth’s surface. The atmosphere is largely transparent to incoming short-wave ( or ultrviolet) soalr radiation, which is absorbed by earth’s surface. The earth receives energy from the sun, which warms the earth’s surface. As this energy passes through the atmosphere, a certain percentage gets scattered. Some part of this energy is reflected back into the atmosphere from the land and ocean surface. The rest (70%) actually remains behind to heat the earth. n order to establisha balance, therefore, the earth must radiate some energy back into the atmosphere. As the earth is much cooler than the sun, it does not emit energy as visisble llight. It emitsthrought is frared or thermal radiation. However, certain gases in the atmosphere. Without this blanket effect, the earth would be around 30oC colder than it normally is. These gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide along wi th water vapour, comprise less than one per cent of the atmosphere. They are called ‘greenhouse gases† as the working principle is same as that which occurs in a greenhouse. Just as the galss of the greenhouse prevent the radiation of excess energy, this ‘gas blanket’ absorbs some of the energy emitted by the earth and keeps temperaature level intact. This effect was first recognized by a France scientist, Jean-Baptiste Fourier, who pionted out the similarly in what happen in the atmosphere and in a green house. Hence he terms the greenhouse effect. This gas blanket has been in place ever since the creation of the earth. Since the industrial revolution human activities have been releasing more and more of these greenhouse gases into atmosphere. This leads to the blanket becaming thicker and upsets gses are called ‘sources’ and those that remove them are known as ‘sink’. A balance between ‘source’ and ‘sink’ maintains the level of these greenhouse gases. Humankind upsets this balance when new source that interfere with the natural gas. When we destroy forest, the carbon stored in the treeescapes as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Increasing agricultural activities, changes in land use patterns, and other sources lead to rising level of methane and nitrous oxide. Industrial processes also release artificial and new greenhouse gases like CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), while automobile exhaust fumes lead to ozone generation. The resulting enchaned greenhouse effect is more commonly referred to as global warming or climate change. Global warming is a result of the increase of thickness of the greenhouse gas layer that is release into the atmosphere through human activity like burning fossil fuel. Increase greenhouse gas concerntration may be resulting in more heat being trap in the atmosphere and increasing global temperature emitted by the cars we drive, the furnaces we use to heat our homes and the industries that produce oil and gas, create electricity and develop products for the world’s marketplace. These greeghouse are completely human caused. They harm stratospheric ozone and so are not as directly responsible for global warming as carbon dioxideis. The question of reducing their presence in the stratosphere is being taken care of in another global convention, the Montreal Protocol. These gases are particularly effective in absorbing long wave radiation from the earth’s surface and preventing heat from escaping. Alhtough the views and opinions of people across the world vary on issues relating to the cause of global warming and its possible impacts, there is a common understanding that is is a cause for major global concern and must be adressed immediately. Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Effect is a term for the role the atmosphere plays in helping warm the earth’s surface. The atmosphere is largely transparent to incoming short-wave ( or ultrviolet) soalr radiation, which is absorbed by earth’s surface. The earth receives energy from the sun, which warms the earth’s surface. As this energy passes through the atmosphere, a certain percentage gets scattered. Some part of this energy is reflected back into the atmosphere from the land and ocean surface. The rest (70%) actually remains behind to heat the earth. n order to establisha balance, therefore, the earth must radiate some energy back into the atmosphere. As the earth is much cooler than the sun, it does not emit energy as visisble llight. It emitsthrought is frared or thermal radiation. However, certain gases in the atmosphere. Without this blanket effect, the earth would be around 30oC colder than it normally is. These gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide along wi th water vapour, comprise less than one per cent of the atmosphere. They are called ‘greenhouse gases† as the working principle is same as that which occurs in a greenhouse. Just as the galss of the greenhouse prevent the radiation of excess energy, this ‘gas blanket’ absorbs some of the energy emitted by the earth and keeps temperaature level intact. This effect was first recognized by a France scientist, Jean-Baptiste Fourier, who pionted out the similarly in what happen in the atmosphere and in a green house. Hence he terms the greenhouse effect. This gas blanket has been in place ever since the creation of the earth. Since the industrial revolution human activities have been releasing more and more of these greenhouse gases into atmosphere. This leads to the blanket becaming thicker and upsets gses are called ‘sources’ and those that remove them are known as ‘sink’. A balance between ‘source’ and ‘sink’ maintains the level of these greenhouse gases. Humankind upsets this balance when new source that interfere with the natural gas. When we destroy forest, the carbon stored in the treeescapes as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Increasing agricultural activities, changes in land use patterns, and other sources lead to rising level of methane and nitrous oxide. Industrial processes also release artificial and new greenhouse gases like CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), while automobile exhaust fumes lead to ozone generation. The resulting enchaned greenhouse effect is more commonly referred to as global warming or climate change. Global warming is a result of the increase of thickness of the greenhouse gas layer that is release into the atmosphere through human activity like burning fossil fuel. Increase greenhouse gas concerntration may be resulting in more heat being trap in the atmosphere and increasing global temperature emitted by the cars we drive, the furnaces we use to heat our homes and the industries that produce oil and gas, create electricity and develop products for the world’s marketplace. These greeghouse are completely human caused. They harm stratospheric ozone and so are not as directly responsible for global warming as carbon dioxideis. The question of reducing their presence in the stratosphere is being taken care of in another global convention, the Montreal Protocol. These gases are particularly effective in absorbing long wave radiation from the earth’s surface and preventing heat from escaping. Alhtough the views and opinions of people across the world vary on issues relating to the cause of global warming and its possible impacts, there is a common understanding that is is a cause for major global concern and must be adressed immediately.

The Cost of Independence

â€Å"The Cost of Independence – concerns and fears of Scottish Businessmen† Martina Macakova â€Å"What business leaders in Scotland really seek to hear is a positive discussion on the future for Scotland and what part they can play in shaping it, not a re-run of old arguments about potential damage to the economy of constitutional change. † introduction Ewan Hunter, Director of HunterSearch This essay deals with a discussion about Scottish independence through the perspective of local business leaders.Its aim is to analyze their opinion on Scottish tendencies towards independence, if and to what extent could they influence the results of upcoming referendum and whether Scotland’s business companies could play a role of an ally of the UK government. It provides the analysis of the current situation, especially in the light of recent events, as the First Minister Alex Salmond, leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP), in the beginning of January announc ed that the referendum on Scottish Independence should be held in autumn 2014.In this essay I will attempt to come with a prediction of the possible future development of the opinion of Scottish leading business companies. For that purpose I have examined mostly newspaper articles, opinion polls, governmental documents and public speeches given by the local business representatives. As a secondary source and the introduction to the topic of Scottish Independence I found very valuable a publication written by Jo Eric Murkens, Peter Jones and Michael Keating Scottish Independence: A Practical Guide. A division of state into two sovereign parts would be very complicated and long-term process.It is a process fraught with problems and controversy. Whether it is a break up of marriage or of nations, the major bone of contemption is always the same – who gets what. The division of Czechoslovakia in late 1992 and 1993 could serve as a precedent for similar action, anyhow the situatio n of the Union and former Czechoslovakia differs. In Scotland’s case, controversial may be especially the separation of state debt and North Sea oil reserves; the future of military bases on the island of Clyde, home of British nuclear missiles; question of the membership in the European Union and currency issue.Despite the fact that the independence is primarily a question of national identity and political change, we cannot forget that economic prosperity is prerequisite for well-functioning state. It's Scotland's oil If there was an independent Scotland would it be economic failure or success? It might sound a paradoxical thing to say but the core issue related to the economics cannot be really answered correctly. According to Peter Jones, the starting point for dealing with the economics of independence needs to be existing Scotland.And current Scotland is a Scotland that operates within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is obvious that public s pending would demand greater income as two new types of costs would affect the public sector. First of all, there are costs incurred by the need to add on functions (such as defense) and those incurred by the need to disentangle the Scottish element of such UK-wide bodies (for example Inland Revenue). Undoubtedly, Scottish government can count on the benefits from obtaining control of offshore oil and gas resources.The representatives of SNP repeatedly assert the Scotland would be among the world’s richest countries. Additional GDP acquired from the profit made by oil companies offshore is something what we can more or less rely on. Before his re-election campaign Alex Salmond grasped the opportunity to dust off SNP’s old slogan â€Å"It’s Scotland’s Oil†. It was a smart move. As the election results showed the resurrecting claim that all North Sea oil – as well as its revenues – belongs solely to Scotland, was what Scottish voters wa nted to hear. Oil and gas resources themselves don’t guarantee long lasting wealth.Douglas Fraser, Scotland Business and Economy Editor at BBC, expressed his concerns that there is an elephant in the room that needs to be discussed. The price of oil is volatile and volatile price of oil means volatile income. Moreover, the trend is clearly for the volume of oil and gas production to fall, though that is partly offset by higher average prices, higher tax rates, and so buoyant revenues. Yet, an economy of an independent Scotland would be dependent on number of variable factors whose precise effects cannot be forecast. Among those unpredictable factors is a haracter of the negotiations that can either minimaze or enlarge the degree of uncertainty. The level of uncertainty affects business confidence and investment and it is something that has been often mentioned by the Scottish business representatives while comenting on the question of independence. As Peter Jones points out, another parameter which stands completely out of political control is whether the general economic environment is good or bad. In adverse times, business would be extremely nervous about independence as would the international markets. In this situation the price of independence could be quite high.The aim of idependence is to change the monetary, fiscal and regulatory regime which is currently the same as the in rest of the UK. The Scottish voters are likely to approve a different kind of a devolution model, which would provide more powers for the Scottish Parliament, particularly in terms of tax-varying powers and fiscal policy in general. The conclusions of a poll conducted by Ipsos MORI in November 2009 are that 66 per cent of the respondents are in favour of the Scottish Parliament having increased its powers, whether in terms of further devolution or fully independence.The attempts to get the public involved and the referendum itself should be appreciated. That is the major di fference in comparison with the zero involvement of Czechoslovak citizens when the dissolution of Czechoslovakia was decided about. More explanation about the proposed concept of independence provides the â€Å"Scotland’s Future: Draft Referendum (Scotland) Bill Consultation Paper†. Independence in terms of the proposal would mean that the Scottish Parliament and Government would be responsible for all areas of legislation, including foreign affairs, defence and taxation, but the Queen would remain the head of the state.The current political and monetary union would be replaced by a social and monarchical union. Although the monetary union would no longer exist, Scotland would keep operating within the Sterling system until it would be decided in a referendum that Euro would be accepted. Although, SNP leaders would most likely to follow the peacefull process of velvet divorce of Czechs and Slovaks, it doesn’t seem that monetary question would be the case as the issue of currency remains unclear.While the Czechs and Slovaks immediately began to create their own currency, the Scots first considered adopting the euro. In connection with lasting Eurozone crisis First Minister Alex Salmond changed his rhetorics and now claims that they would keep the pound. The SNP proposes sticking with sterling until Scots choose, by referendum, to join the euro. According to Douglas Fraser from BBC, his problem, in explaining this policy, is that remaining with sterling leaves the Treasury and Bank of England in London to set Scotland's monetary policy, while having no influence over it.THE business of (un)certainty Until recent time, there has been almost deafening silence on whether Scotland should become an independent country from local business companies. We could argue whether the reason for the lies in potencional risk of going out on a limb, as Douglas Fraser suggest in one of his articles, or if it more simple than that and the business leaders are just too occupied with the current financial crisis. Fraser writes in his article titled Holyrood's challenge to business: â€Å"Iain McMillan seeks to balance support of some policy with pungent criticism.On balance, he says members say the potential advantages of devolved business taxation are outweighed by the likely costs. But it is the criticism that gets McMillan noticed, and nationalist voices can increasingly be heard questioning the legitimacy of the CBI as a voice for business in Scotland. The Federation of Small Businesses, the Scottish Council Development and Industry and Scottish Chambers of Commerce are careful to sit on the fence, probably because their memberships are split on constitutional questions.It is also because the implications of the Scotland Bill, or of increased devolution of taxation powers, are so unclear. [†¦] Representing the banks, insurers and asset managers, Scottish Financial Enterprise wants to know if the tax base could be changed as well as the rate. Would there be additional complexity, and at what costs to business? How volatile would tax receipts be, and can a value be placed on the value of being part of a larger, more diverse tax base, as at present?Even asking questions, which might be seen as hostile or at least awkward, is risky territory for business. † SFE Chairman, Mark Tennant, expressed his concernes regarding independence at the end of his speech at the annual dinner in December last year: â€Å"Our approach, however, should be empirical and focused on facts and the removal of uncertainties. [†¦] Our role is to identify the questions that need to be answered and ensure that the electorate receives an answer before they vote. † Also Danny Alexander who is MP for Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey, and Chief Secretary to he Treasury shares opinion that uncertainty hurts economy and remarks that „if the Eurozone has taught us anything, it is that monetary union between fisca lly independent states is an extremely difficult challenge. â€Å" He argues that Scottish Government says it would continue to operate within the sterling currency area, but doesn’t say how. His message to the Scottish leader „think carefully before sacrificing stability through independence. â€Å" Regarding to the timing of the referendum, David Lonsdale, assistant director of Glasgow-based CBI Scotland, said in an interview. We want it sooner rather than later. † From the comments above is obvious that umbrella organizations associating Scottish business companies such as CBI and SFE are taking the side of UK government claiming that referendum should be held as soon as possible and at the same time expressing serious concers about the benefits of country’s independence. For a long time it seemed that the individual business leaders adopted an ostrich strategy because few Scottish business leaders have spoken publicly about constitutional change.Howev er, year 2012 brought a turnover as some one of managers decided to stir up the still waters a bit. Martin Gilbert, chief executive officer of Aberdeen Asset Management Plc, Scotland’s largest fund manager, spoke out: â€Å"Whether it is independence or not is a matter for the voters to decide. I would like to see all the figures so you can make an informed judgment. At the moment you don’t know what the true figures are. † Boyd Tunnock, representative of the Scottish maker of Caramel Wafers and Snowballs, commented in e-mail statement: â€Å"Scotland and Scottish business needs certainty and clarity.We need the independence referendum to be held as soon as is reasonable so that investors know where they stand. † To some extent the uncertainty was diminished by the Salmond’s clear statement about the referendum date. One of country’s leading businessmen Jim McColl welcomed the Scottish Government’s upcoming consultation on Scotlandâ⠂¬â„¢s constitutional future by saying: â€Å"Many of us in business are convinced a prosperous future for this country depends on more powers for the parliament. Article Business leaders join in referendum debate published on Tuesday this week shows slighty more positive attitudes towards the constitutional change and vice versa express criticism towards the representatives of CBI, SFE and Westminster politicians: â€Å"Members of Scotland's business community have refuted questions over the timing of an independence referendum and called for an end to scaremongering and a proper discussion on the merits of taking all decisions about Scotland within Scotland. [†¦] There is little hard evidence that the referendum or the prospect of Scottish independence is damaging the Scottish economy.Business leaders have in the main expressed either a neutral or a positive attitude towards constitutional change in Scotland. † The author of the article supports his argument by quotin g some of the local business leaders: â€Å"Recently David Watt, Executive Director of the Institute of Directors in Scotland was asked by the BBC's Huw Edwards whether he was concerned by the prospect of a Scottish referendum in autumn 2014, as opposed to the Westminster government's preference for a vote as soon as possible.Mr Watt said that he thought that the date of the referendum made no difference. Having a timetable leading up to the second half of 2014 allowed businesses to plan. † Similar opinion has Dan Macdonald of Macdonald Estates: â€Å"The fact is the biggest decision in three centuries lies before us and we owe it to our children, and those who succeeded us to take whatever time is required to discuss the form and detail of what will be our New Scotland. In order to do that London politicians need to stop peddling scare stories and focus on a meaningful debate about Scotland's future. On the same is also owner of The Residence Glasgow, Sarah Jane Walls who f eels that there should be â€Å"less negative scaremongering and more positive debate about Scotland's future,† continuing that she is â€Å"excited about the possibilities for Scotland as independent country. † According to the survey processed for the Business Insider that covered opinions of business on Scotland’s independence, the majority of businesses (67 per cent) think independence for Scotland would not have a positive effect on their business with only five per cent saying it would be positive and 17 per cent unsure.Questionnaires were sent to companies listed in Insider’s TOP500, SME300 and SPRINT100 lists. One of the CEO with this opinion poll further commented: â€Å"Achieving Scottish independence will not, in itself, prove to be the panacea for the challenges being faced. After all, there is little or no evidence to show any change will be positive. Therefore, to help improve our economy appoint independent Scottish and international busin ess experts to properly advise our inexperienced politicians to tackle the real, everyday issues of business rather than spend unnecessary time debating the future of Scotland without ny clear evidence to support how, and indeed why, the status quo should be changed. † The contrary opinion expressed David Watt, executive director in Scotland of the Institute of Directors, by saying that none of the institute's 1600 members have expressed any concern as to a delay in a referendum vote. A spokesperson for UK Oil & Gas said although the body has no member consensus on the issue of independence, none of its members has raised the issue as a specific concern. Conclusion The aim of this essay was to deal with the issue of Scotland’s independence from the perspective of local business leaders.By analyzing especially newspapers articles that are dealing with the topic I learned that there are three possible attitudes towards Scotland becoming independent. One side represented m ostly by CBI and SFE publicly claims that independence vote could harm Scottish economy. The opposite camp, which is primarily constituted of blue-chip companies, suggests the contrary. These positively thinking business leaders are denying comments that a delay on independence and the independence in general will destabilise the Scottish economy. The third group is classified by being neutral or by refusing to comment on the independence question.It is logical that CBI and SFE are speaking less in favour of independence and the later date of referendum as they have closer relations with the government in London than the individual organization do. In my opinion, even the business leaders that proclamated their support for independence cause and Salmon’s referendum timing feel at least some doubts. Also I think that a lot of the is actually tired of the independence talk and they would rather here from both UK’s and Scottish Government some warranties in the time of ec onomic crisis and that the politicians will support their efforts to kick-start the ailing economy.From the side of the local business leaders there is understandable demand for answers on number of important question. That brings us back to the introduction of the essay where I comment that most of the issues regarding the economic situation of independent Scotland cannot be precisely predicted. However it sounds disappointing. Many options might take place and the situation depends on various factors that Scottish Government cannot influence. We don’t even know the answer to the fundamental question – whether there will be an independent Scotland. UK’s government is strictly against the eparation of the Union, neither the Scots itself are united on the matter and as stands out from the lines above, nor the Scottish businessmen. Still, the independence is surely more realistic than it was couple months ago. I believe that CBI and SFE could be potencial partner of the central government during the future negotiations over independence. They associate number of important companies and they could have certain influence on their members. On the other hand, there is a quite large number of companies, which are managed by people who decided to prove that the idiom â€Å"You can't fight City Hall† is a false statement.My belief also is that business could influence the negotiations, however I wouldn’t say that companies could be determine the public opinion in general. Which side in end the majority of the business leaders joins will depend on numerous factors, especially on how skilfull in answering difficult questions will Scottish political representatives be. SNP with Alex Salmond in lead is trying something that no-one has ever tried before. To conclude I would say that I propably wouldn’t bet on my own prediction because predicting something in terms of the economic situation of independend Scotland is like predicting the unpredictable.References Murkens, Jo E. ; Jones, Peter; Keating, Michael. Scottish Independence: A Practical Guide. Edingburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. Tom Clark. If one day it really is Scotland’s oil †¦ what will we do with it? The Herald Scotland, 29 October 2011. Available online: http://www. heraldscotland. com/news/home-news/if-one-day-it-really-is-scotlands-oil-what-will-we-do-with-it. 15567484 (accessed on 16 January 2012). Douglas Fraser. What would happen to Scotland's economy after independence? BBC. 15 January 2012.Available online: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-16548644 (accessed on 16 January 2012). Douglas Fraser. Holyrood's challenge to business. BBC. 30 September 2011. Available online: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-15122749 (accessed on 10 January 2012). Scotland's Future: Draft Referendum (Scotland) Bill Consultation Paper. 15 February 2010. Available online: http://www. scotland. gov. uk/Publications/ 2010/02/22120157/0 (accessed on 10 January 2012). Danny Alexander. Uncertainty hurts economy. Scotland on

Careers in law are open to all and the legal profession is sufficiently diverse. Discuss.

Introduction As a minority group, women have traditionally remained underrepresented within the legal profession. Whilst careers in law may, theoretically, be open to all, the reality is that due to the physiological make-up, maternalistic nature and historical suppression of women in society they have struggled to break entry into the traditionally male-dominated and elitist profession. This essay will argue that although efforts have and are continuing to be made to make a career in the law accessible for women, one could argue that the profession cannot yet be deemed sufficiently diverse as challenges continue to face women who elect to work with this profession. This essay will begin by summarising the history of the position of women in society, move to look to the challenges that face women and employers and finally, summarise steps that can be taken in an effort to eliminate such restraints. Women have fought a long battle against subordination. As late as the twentieth century, in England and Wales, women remained legally subordinate to men. In other cultures, this position remains in practice today. In England and Wales, coverture referred to the rights of women being subsumed by those of her husband through common law marriage. This legal doctrine left women without an identity and gave her husband control of her, her property and the custody of her children. Marital rape was not outlawed until R v R came before the House of Lords in 1992. Society saw women merely as objects of their husbands. It was not acceptable for women to study medicine or law or to engage in politics. Liberal ideals were quashed by the belief that women were irrational, temperamentally unfit to deal with such subjects and their place was in the home being a subservient wife and maternal parent. During the war effort, in particular, women proved that they were capable of holding down important r oles within the workforce and society more generally, and were seen as rational and intelligent in their thinking as their male counterparts. Women were granted suffrage in 1928 through the Equal Franchise Act and have since broken down the barriers into almost all professions. Despite, in theory, women having the ability to do everything a man can do, challenges remain that make it difficult to suggest that men and women are truly equal. Both society and the legal profession now support women embarking on careers within the industry. By 2008-9, 60% of all new admissions to the Roll were women and 52% of those called to the Bar in the same year were women. The Bar society indicated that in 2009, 34% of barristers were women. These figures demonstrate that women now make up over a third of all barristers, however, barristers are usually well educated and often from high socioeconomic standing, so this figure does not fully represent whether the legal profession is diverse for the average woman. Statistical evidence also proves that women still struggle to be appointed to the highest positions within the legal profession. Few women are promoted to Queen’s Counsel and the first woman to sit within the House of Lords was only appointed to this position in 2003. Women are traditionally paid lower than men. The Equal Pay Act 1970 has attempted to solve the disparity between the male and female pay gap, however, it is not uncommon for a case of this nature to arise. Recently, an employee sued her employer, Lewis Silkin, on the grounds that she was being paid lower than a male counterpart. Arguments suggest that due to the more emotional, sensitive and maternalistic nature of women in comparison to men, often women opt to specialise in different areas of law, such as family or personal injury law rather than male dominated specialisms, such as corporate or banking law. Family and personal injury law are also often less high-profile and do not hinge on lucrative deals so the specialisms are often not as well paid. To dismiss a woman for falling pregnant and wanting maternity leave is unfair dismissal. Pregnancy does, however, play an important role in this debate. Most employers would assume that a young woman will take a break to have a baby in the future and the fact that having a child is traditionally less disruptive to the work life of a man, it makes the male counterpart a cheaper and safer option in the long-term. A break in work is seen as disruptive and employers need to fill that position during the maternity leave, effectively causing the employer to pay twice for the same job to be completed. In a time when employers are facing tough economic times, having reliable staff that do not have to be replaced for extended durations appears, on face value, to be commercially viable option. Furthermore, there is a concern for the employer that childcare issues may cause disruption and lost working hours when the employee does return. Legal professionals who are self-employed, such as barris ters, can find the transition far more difficult in terms of covering their living costs and retaining clients during maternity leave and the stress of a new baby when they later return to work. In 2004, the Bar Council published policies that cover the issues of maternity, paternity and flexible working hours in an attempt to balance family life and legal practice. To actively reflect this aim, the policy has increased the time a barrister’s seat may be open rent free with Chamber’s expenses from three months to one year. In Heard and another v Sinclair Roche and Temperley (a firm) and others, it was ruled that the firm had unlawfully discriminated on the grounds of family status and combined with unlawful sex discrimination, constituted unfair treatment. This claim arose when the firm failed to promote or progress the individual. The firm had a total of 36 partners and only 6 were women. This case suggested that women are also less likely to be appointed to managerial positions, particularly if the dominating power is male. Other arguments suggest that women are more emotional than men and office politics are more present. Webley suggests that women struggle to progress in the profession for a variety of reasons including masculine office culture, the pressure of working long hours and high billing targets and dissatisfaction with commodification’s effect on work quality. In terms of the legal profession, lawyers represent the legal position of their client and to do so, must relate well and truly understand the situation of their client. If all lawyers were men, one could question whether women in society could ever be adequately represented by the legal profession. There is an argument to say that there is as much a place for women in the profession as men, as women solve problems in a different way, can be more compassionate and can balance an all-male work environment. Parliament has made attempts to allow greater access to the legal profession to minority groups by enacting legislation such as the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990. The main purpose of this enactment was to reform the legal profession after the findings of the Benson Commission in the 1970s. To the judiciary, in particular, important changes were made to appointments and pensions and significant changes were implemented towards the organisation and regulation of the legal profession. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 later recommended that an independent body should be created to deal with the appointment of judges, which came after criticism from the Law Society regarding the old system. Such legislative and societal support towards the accessibility and diversity of the legal profession should instil a hopefulness into affected women that the profession is moving in the right direction. There have been several attempts by the profession itself to promote and encourage accessibi lity and diversity. The PRIME initiative saw 23 UK and Irish law firms come together to form a ground-breaking initiative to increase social mobility through a wide ranging work experience scheme. Whilst this initiative focused more on socioeconomic status rather than gender, the results suggest that real opportunities within the legal profession have been offered to those who are otherwise unlikely to have been given the opportunity. In conclusion, the legal profession is not yet sufficiently diverse. Both historical and contemporary statistics prove a bias towards men due to the maternalistic nature of women. Statistics demonstrate a trend that the profession is moving in the right direction in terms of equality, diversity and accessibility for women, however, the battle for truly equal treatment, rights and pay for both genders is an ongoing issue within the legal profession, as it is in society generally. Historically, women were refrained from having an identity and practicing within the legal profession because they were considered irrational and incapable. Whilst that perception has clearly disappeared, which is a positive shift, women still face challenges due to the physiological differences between men and women. These differences will never change and unless there is a shift in the mentality of employers’, these are likely to be challenges that remain for the duration. One could argue that the ba ttle between equality and diversity within the legal profession and commercial viability for business owners will never truly resolve. Bibliography Deborah, L. ‘Title of the article’ [2001] Women and the Legal Profession 156 Fredman, S. ‘Discrimination Law’ (New York, United States: Oxford University Press Inc, 2001) Leighton, P. ‘Discrimination and the Law’ (Camp Road, London: Short Run Press, 2004) Macdonald, L. ‘Equality, Diversity and Discrimination’ (Camp Road, London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2004) McColgan, A. ‘Discrimination Law’ (North, America: Hart Publishing Co, 2nd edn., 2005). Roach Anleu, S. ‘Law and Social Change’ (City Road, London: Sage Publication Limited, 2000) Sargeant, M. ‘Discrimination Law’ (Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2004) Sommerland, H., Webley, D., Duff, L., Muzio, D., Tomlinson, J. ‘Diversity in the Legal Profession in England and Wales: A Qualitative Study of Barriers and Individual Choices’ Suddards, H. ‘Sex and Race Discrimination’ (Camp Road, London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2nd edn., 2002) Webley, L., Duff, L. ‘Women Solicitors as a Barometer for Problems within the Legal Profession: Time to Put Values before Profits?’ (2007) 34 Journal of Law and Society 374 Wilkins, D. ‘Rollin’ on the River: Race, Elite Schools, and the Equality Paradox’ (2000) 25 Law and Social Inquiry 527 Cases Heard and another v Sinclair Roche and Temperley (a firm) and others [2004] All ER (D) 432 (Jul) R v R [1992] 1 A.C. 599 Legislation Constitutional Reform Act 2005 Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 Equal Franchise Act 1928 Equal Pay Act 1970

2 Discussions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2 Discussions - Assignment Example It has been noted that Wal-Mart does not pay their workers fairly. The company also overworks its part-time employees and do not offer them other work benefits. This is contrary to what the company advocates on websites. The management function that describes my strength is planning. I am a greater planner, as everything, I do in life I have to draw a plan. For example, I plan on how I go over my school work each and every week. However, the other function, which can help me in my management style is organizing. Since I am perfect in planning, I need to learn how to organize to be a better manager. Management and leadership are two different ideas but go hand in hand. The two characteristics that differentiate leadership from management are that leaders are innovators while managers are administrators; and the second trait is that leaders develop while managers maintain. This is because leadership is acquired while management is taught (Developing a Leadership Style, 2015). Developing a Leadership Style (2015). What is the Difference Between Management and Leadership? Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 9, 2015, from

Consumption Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Consumption Journal - Essay Example The advertisements on the television were all about fatty foods being advertised by some of our favorite celebrities to make it look cool and thus the viewer was compelled to eat those foods in order to look cool.During the snowy days, my consumption intake was mostly calorie-rich foods and high energy foods in order to maintain the expected body temperature and keep warm. During such cold weather caloritic foods are needed to supply the body with the energy needed to perform the needed functions.During these two weeks, my consumption was mainly natural and nutritious food products. I was consuming a balanced diet with little or no meat.My shopping habit was determined by the amount of money that I had. My shopping was of food stuff like canned foods and foods that last longer with or without refrigeration. I also shopped for red and white meat and fruits and vegetables.My food intake during these two weeks was mainly on the food that I shopped in the previous weeks and food from the restaurants which was mainly fast foods rich in calories.Food consumption in the urban setting is mostly foods with high calories. This is the most readily available food. There is a minimal consumption of fruits and vegetables. During this week, my food consumption was determined by the setting and situation that presented itself. This meant a mixture of a balanced diet, fruits and calories rich foods.During this week, I was consuming energy enhancing foods to maintain my normal body temperature.

Analyzing Texas Health Care vs New York Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyzing Texas Health Care vs New York - Essay Example A comparative look at the two states' programs can help reveal how the states differ in their goal of providing health care while trying to contain health care costs. Health care costs are covered through a variety of different sources such as employer provided insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, and individual insurance plans. In Texas, 47 percent of the population is insured through their employer, while the number is 52 percent in New York (Kaiser Family Foundation 1). In addition, New York has 19 percent of its population insured through Medicaid compared to only 12 percent in Texas (Kaiser Family Foundation 1). Medicaid is jointly funded through the states and matching federal funds, which is dependent upon the income level of the state. The matching rate varies between 50 percent and 72.29 percent, with the poorer states getting the larger amount (Flowers 3). While New York receives equal matching funding, Texas gets $1.50 for every $1.00 they contribute (Kaiser Family Foundation 2). Because the eligibility is income dependent and is based on a rate set by the states, the differences in total spending can be significant. Texas's total Medicaid s pending for 2006 was $18.1 billion, while New York spent $44.7 billion on the program (Kaiser Family Foundation 2). ... For example, the annual income eligibility level for working parents is $4824 in Texas, but is $25,755 in New York (Kaiser Family Foundation 2). This results is a significantly higher number of enrollees in New York than in Texas. In addition, Texas, "has forfeited more than $900 million in federal money under the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) during the past six years because it wouldn't put up 28 cents for each 72 cents in federal aid" (Wolf). When these statistics are coupled with the lower rate of employer provided insurance in Texas, the result is that 25 percent of Texans have no health insurance as compared with 14 percent of the citizens of New York (Kaiser Family Foundation 1). This difference is largely the result of the total dollars spent between the two states on Medicaid. The Medicaid program was initially designed as a means to provide health care for parents and children that had low incomes and few material resources. While Medicare was designed to primarily cover the health care needs of the elderly and disabled, Medicaid is a means tested program where the eligibility is set by number of children and the family income. However, Texas Medicaid has expanded in recent years to include the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), Texas STAR Managed Care, and the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) (Texas Medicaid Program Information). In fact, "Texas is the only state that takes advantage of Medicaid's 1929(b) program, which provides community attendant services that help lower-income elderly clients live at home instead of moving into a nursing facility. Texas has roughly 47,000 Medicaid clients who benefit from this

Characteristics of Innovative Organisations Term Paper

Characteristics of Innovative Organisations - Term Paper Example Organizations that have strong visions are more capable of appreciating and utilizing people's creative talents. With a strong vision comes a better focus on the long term outcome. This enables the company to devise different creative and innovative ways to reach that outcome. True vision is defined as the ability of the organization to create a strong future from nothing. It is a fact that all the organizations have a past and a history. Strong vision enables the company to have a strong future irrespective of the past. That is why having visionaries are the most important feature of such innovative organizations (Donna, Prestwood & Schumann, 2003). Because they can create such a vision or redefine an old vision that can bring success to the organization. They are not dictated by the past and history of the organization but on the other hand that does not mean that they neglect this factor completely. They learn from the mistakes of the past and try to improve their methods and prac tices. Innovative organizations are constantly looking forward to re-inventing themselves in a very flexible manner but without losing the necessary focus. They are constantly driven by their vision of the future and they continually push forward to achieve this. They are very proactive in nature. They like to create their own future rather than react to the future dictated by others around them. Change towards the better is their first priority rather than the last as is the case with most of the organizations around the world (Donna, Prestwood & Schumann, 2003). Innovative organizations try their very best to know their customers. They learn from the needs of their customers and often let this factor dictate their innovation. They increase their innovation and competitiveness to cater to the varying needs of their customers. They are constantly in the process of thinking about their products and changing them.  

The Role of Nursing Theory in Research and Practice Essay

The Role of Nursing Theory in Research and Practice - Essay Example This theory explains the reason that the patients environment is important due to its effect and affectation to a person’s health in a positive or a negative way—attributed with diseases. Providing a therapeutic environment is viewed essential for a person to heal himself (Chen, n.d.). Some examples of the environmental factors affecting health according to Nightingales theory are fresh air, pure water, sufficient food and appropriate nutrition, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light or direct sunlight. If any of these factors is lacking, it can delay the patients recovery. Nightingale also emphasized providing a quiet, warm environment for patients to recover in. The theory also calls for nurses to assess a patients dietary needs, document food intake times, and evaluate how the patients diet affects his or her health and recovery (â€Å"Florence Nightingale,† 2011) The Nightingale’s concept views a person to have reparative powers and can be affected by the environment. Health on the other hand is the utilization of the person’s power to maintain well-being and is affected by the environment through the utilization of the nursing process by providing fresh air, warmth, cleanliness, and proper diet to facilitate person’s reparative process. The goal of nursing is to put the patient in the best possible condition in order for nature to act. The advent of nursing theories benefited the whole healthcare system by virtue of guidance in the nursing practice through research and empirical studies. Aggleton and Chalmers cited that practicing within the scope of nursing without a theory to underpin is an empty approach often described as ‘practicing in the dark’ (1986 as cited by Mckenna, 1997, p108). Nursing theories therefore provides nursing practice with a systematic basis for assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation offering a way of revitalization (Mckenna, 1997, p. 108) As a guide to

THE MISSING PET Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE MISSING PET - Case Study Example A viable business model is important for any business. This is especially so for a business that has a large market with existing service and product providers. The market suppliers are very important for Dwayne and Fred’s chosen industry. Having suppliers ready and willing to provide takes out some of the leg work and allows for time to be spent on organizing other areas. Experience is also very important. Dwayne and Fred is both familiar with the industry so they are not going into the new business blind. The access to capital was their but could be more abundant. Capital is likely the least viable part of their business model. Numbers are very important in any business venture. The numbers will show if there is even a need for the given business. The numbers for Fred and Dwayne are close but with what the bank is allowing it will be too far off. The projected sales are just not enough to keep inventory and have enough operating costs. If Dwayne and Fred want to keep enough inventory and be successful they will need to borrow more money to make it past the crucial first year in business. There are many assumptions made by Fred and Dwayne that are unreasonable. Yes, they had industry experience but it seems as if they didn’t really have in focus what it would actually take to keep the business operating smoothly.

The Methods of Statutory Interpretation Available to the Judiciary Essay

The Methods of Statutory Interpretation Available to the Judiciary - Essay Example The primary rules are the mischief rule, the literary and the golden rule. The judiciary also uses what is referred to as the purposive approach and typically enter the statutory interpretation process based on a set of presumptions.4 This research study analyses how the judiciary uses these rules, presumptions and the purposive approach for maintain consistency in the application of statutes. Presumptions The judiciary applies presumptions to guide them in the construction of statutes. There are essentially six main presumptions used by the judiciary. The first well known presumption is the presumption that penal laws are interpreted â€Å"strictly in favour of the citizen†.5 In R v Cuthbertson the House of Lords construed the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 in favour of the defendant. Under the 1971 Act, forfeiture was permitted in respect of any items the court felt were related to the offence. However, the House of Lords rules that since the provision did not state conspiracy to commit the offence, but rather specified the actual offence, forfeiture would not be permitted for a conspiracy offence under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.6 Other important presumptions include the presumption that statutes are not meant to alter the common law; statutory criminal offences are typically require the mental element of mens rea; Parliament does not intend to usurp the court’s jurisdiction; and statutes do not have â€Å"retrospective effect†.7 There are also a number of linguistic or language-based presumptions used by the judiciary in the interpretation of statutes. For example, the maxim noscitur a sociis dictates that words â€Å"take meaning from the context†.8 The maxim noscitur a sociis was applied in Muir v Keay in relation to the construction of the Refreshment Houses Act 1860. Under the 1860 Act houses to which the 1860 Act referred were house that provided refreshments, resort and entertainment to the public. It was held that entertainmen t in the context of the 1860 Act could not refer to theatre or music but rather applied to refreshment, reception and accommodations.9 Another instructive maxim related to the language of a statute used by the courts as a guide for the interpretation of statutes is expression unius exclusion alterius which means that: The express mention of one member of a class by implication excludes other members of the same class.10 For instance should a statute use the word â€Å"land† it can be assumed that land includes mines. However, if the word is grouped together with other words such as â€Å"lands, houses and coalmines† it can be assumed that the word land does not refer to any other mines aside from coalmines.11 The maxim ejusedem generis is also used by the judiciary as an aid in the interpretation and application of statutes by reference to the language used. The maxim ejusdem generis presumes that where a statute provides a list of specific words, any general term appe aring at the end of the list will be interpreted by reference to the list of particularized words.12 Maxims are methods of linguistic interpretation that help the

Assessment and Assessment Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Assessment and Assessment Techniques - Essay Example Formative assessment is a contrast of summative assessment because summative assessment seeks to monitor outcomes of education for external accountability. Developmental stages are the stages that a child goes through from childhood to adulthood. According to the study made by Erickson, the interaction of a person’s body, cultural influences, and mind determines development. With this in mind, Erickson organized eight development stages which progress from birth until death. The eight stages of development include: Infancy (birth to eighteen months), early childhood (eighteen months to three years), play age (three to five years), school age (six to twelve years), adolescence (twelve to eighteen years), young adult (eighteen to thirty five years), middle adulthood (thirty five to sixty five years), and late adulthood (sixty five to death). During my teaching profession, I sought to understand the assessment of the ever changing developmental stages in children. In this respect I planned an activity that would enable me to assess the differing developmental stages of the children in my work setting. This paper explores the devised plan, and implements a formative assessment activity, that takes into account the needs and interests of the children within my work setting. It demonstrates a systematic process of planning, evaluation, implementation, and the rationale for the design. Rationale for planning and implementing an assessment activity. The rational for formative assessment is quite clear and vivid. To start with provision of feedback, formative assessment provides feedback to the teachers so that they can modify the experience, and learning activities that are subsequent. Feedback involves focusing on the content that is being learnt (Blight, S. 2000). This is the epicenter of formative assessment. It facilitates self assessment development, clarifies the essence of good performance, and it is used in the provision of quality information to learner s concerning their learning. Feedback also boosts self-esteem and positive beliefs, and motivates peer and teacher dialogue in learning. Apart from this, formative assessment is important tool to be used to remediate the deficiencies of children (Cowie, B. 1999). It increases the self efficacy of a child and reduces the effect brought about by extrinsic motivation by moving the focus from obtaining grades into the process of learning. This method of assessment also improves the students’ metacognitive recognition of how they can learn (Black, P. 2000). It enables a teacher to fine tune instructions so that the students can focus on learning progress. Being motivated by the rationale for formative assessment, one thinks of an appropriate activity that could be used to assess the developmental stages in children. From many choices of formative activities and, techniques, the appropriate activity that can be used to quench the need for an assessment is the use of the tray painti ng activity with the help of an age and stage questionnaire (ASQ) for analysis. Planning and implementation of this technique is made possible by the use of a lesson plan shown below. Assessment

Basic Practices Essay Example for Free

Basic Practices Essay Their basic practices consist of what they call the Five Pillars and the Jihad. The Five Pillars of Islam are: Beliefs and witness; Daily prayers; Zakat; Fasting; and Hajj. Beliefs and witness Every Muslim, without resorting to the use of force or intimidation, are obliged to spread the words of Islam so that other people may know about it, understand it, and use the knowledge to guide them in choosing their faith. They are convinced that once non-Muslims acquire enough knowledge, they would voluntarily embrace Islam (Fisher, 2005). Daily Prayers Prayers should be recited five times a day while facing the direction of Mecca. It is believed that requiring every Muslim to face Mecca symbolizes unity among the devotees of Islam around the world, while the daily prayer emphasizes Islam’s teaching that every Muslim should remember God everyday of his or her life (Fisher, 2005). Their daily prayer is called salat and consists of the Fajr, or the morning prayer; the Zuhr, or the noon prayer; the ‘Asr, or the afternoon prayer; the Maghrib which is the sunset prayer; and the Isha, or the night prayer which is said at night just before going to bed (Robinson, 2007). Zakat Zakat, the third pillar, means â€Å"spiritual tithing and almsgiving. † Muslims are enjoined to help the poor by donating part of their annual income to charities of their choice at the end of each year. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for example, channels its contribution through the Islamic Relief Organization which aids people around the world regardless of their religion. Other Muslims could give their contribution to their local mosques (Fisher, 2005). Fasting Every year, the first Qur’anic revelation is celebrated with a month-long fasting called Ramadan. All able Muslims are required to abstain from â€Å"food, drink, sexual intercourse, and smoking† from dawn to dusk. Although fasting during Ramadan is an obligation, fasting, per se, is advised from time to time because it provides an individual with â€Å"a Transparent Soul to Transcend, a Clear Mind to think and a Light Body to move and act† (Fisher, 2005). Ramadan is considered as their holiest period which every Muslim who is over 12 years old is expected to observe. However, a Muslim could be excused from observing Ramadan because of reasons of health. This was expressly provided for in chapter 2, verses 183 and 185 of the Qur’an, viz: O ye who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you, that ye may (learn) self-restraint Ramadan is the (month) in which was sent down the Quran, as a guide to mankind, also clear (Signs) for guidance and judgment (between right and wrong). So every one of you who is present (at his home) during that month should spend it in fasting (Robinson, 2007). Hajj The last Pillar – the Hajj – is a pilgrimage which every Muslim is expected make provided that he or she is financially and physically capable. It should be done even only once during his or her lifetime to honor Allah. Their pilgrimage destination is Mecca, where their holiest sanctuary, the Ka’bah, was built by Abraham with the help of his son Isaiah (Fisher, 2005). The Hajj was described by the Council of Islamic Education as consisting of several ceremonies, meant to symbolize the essential concepts of the Islamic faith, and to commemorate the trials of prophet Abraham and his family Prophet Muhammad had said that a person who performs Hajj properly will return as a newly born baby [free of all sins]. The pilgrimage also enables Muslims from all around the world, of different colors, languages, races, and ethnicities, to come together in a spirit of universal brotherhood and sisterhood to worship the One God together (Robinson, 2007). Jihad Jihad means struggle. It is often misinterpreted by non-Muslims because it has often been portrayed by the media in the west as another term for a â€Å"holy war† which is waged by Muslims against non-Muslims. However, for Muslims, Jihad is actually a personal struggle to excel in one’s work or achieve a noble objective. It also means a Muslim’s struggle for â€Å"self-purification† (Robinson, 2007). Impact of Muhammad’s life on Islam The birth, life, and death of Muhammad impacted the world of Islam differently. His birth in 570 CE signaled the resurgence of the religion which had already sank into obscurity for centuries because the people of Meca rejected the monotheistic religion preached by Abraham. His life as a preacher which began three years after the start of the revelations resulted to a rejuvenated Muslim world. The flight of the Muslims to Medina (or the hijrah) which he orchestrated in order for them to escape persecution from the hands of the Qurayshites of Mecca was what strengthened Islam as soon as they had settled in Medina. Their newfound strength later enabled them to raise a strong army to recapture Mecca from the hands of the Qurayshites. However, while he re-established Mecca as the holy sanctuary of Islam, Muhammad himself chose to live in Medina (Fisher, 2005). While his birth signaled the rebirth of Islam and his life rejuvenated their religion, his death in 632 CE in Medina rocked the Muslim world. It caused a serious split among the followers of Islam. The Shi’a and Sunni Muslims became irreconcilably separated because of the issue of succession after Muhammad died. Most of the surviving Muslims believed that although Muhammad was able to leave explicit instructions telling his followers what to do after his death, they contended that he failed to anoint his successor. Thus, for the said majority, the issue of who should succeed Muhammad became an issue which should be settled satisfactorily in order to prevent dissension among the Muslims. After only discussing the problem briefly, they decided to settle the issue of succession by election. Unfortunately, the minority group insisted that it was not true that Muhammad failed to name his successor. They declared that several weeks before he died, Muhammad held the hand of his son-in-law, Ali, and uttered the following words: â€Å"Whoever I protect, ‘Ali is also his protector. O God, be a friend to whoever is his friend and an enemy to whoever is his enemy† (Fisher. 2005). The issue of succession was ultimately decided according to the wishes of the majority – by election – but the two factions have never reconciled up to this day. The Shi’a Muslims now form the majority faction in Iran, while the Sunnis are the majority in â€Å"Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Turkey, northern African countries, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Central Asian countries of the former Soviet Union, and Indonesia† (Fisher, 2005). The minority, the Shi’a Muslims or the Shi’ites, interprets the Qur’an strictly and adheres rather closely to the teachings embodies in the Qur’an. The Sunnis, or the majority, constitutes almost 90% of all Muslims who are considered traditionalists and secular. Because of their secularity, they are more adaptable than the Shi’ites (Robinson, 2007).

Todays Education System

Todays Education System An Essay on the Present Education System We live differently in the 21st century. This century is highly connected with technology advancement, high mobility, globalization, and generation Z. Generation Z or iGeneration is a name used for the cohort of people born from the early 2000s to the present day. This generation has some different characteristics with its preceding generation, allowing us to implement different approach in education. Our Education System: Today I will start with the problem of our current education system. The biggest problem is, it did not motivate kids. Millions of kids do not know any purposing of going to school, except obligation. When we went to school we were indoctrinated by scenario: work hard, rewarded did well, get a college, and finally you will have a job. But in the future, it is not guarantee anymore, not if the route to it marginalises what you think important about yourself. Moreover, facing the unpredictable economic circumstances. This current system was designed and conceived for a different age: Victorians, between 18th and 19th century. It was arranged in the intellectual culture of the enlightenment and in the economic circumstances of the industrial revolution. The intellectual model of the mind stated that the real intelligence consist of capacity of deductive reasoning and knowledge of the classics, what we come to think as academic ability. It divides people to academic and non academic, smart people and non-smart people. In consequences, many brilliant people think that they are not. In this system, these kids are medicated. They are forced to forget any distraction such as games, iphones, television, and focus to the boring stuff at school. Students start losing their interest, hardly thinking straight, and losing their attention completely. In class, they are given the theory and required to memorize it, without knowing the relevant of that context in real world. That is why students still disengaged. It becomes more severe with quantitative standardised testing. They only know they oblige to study and pass the standard. Education is modeled based on the interest of industrialization and in the image of it. Schools are organised on factory lines and students are its manufactured products. The Victorians produce education which remake us photocopy of each other. How do you be submissive, how do you sit patiently be disengaged for about two hours and take it. The arts are the victims of this mentality. The arts, especially address the idea of aesthetic experience, when senses are operating at their peak. When we arresting about the excitement of these things with our experiencing, when we are fully alive. While anaesthetic is experience which shut your senses off and deaden yourself to what is happening. We are getting our children educated by anaesthetising them. The implications are easy to be described. These kids only give answers based on what their teacher said. They are afraid to see things from different perspectives, lose their critical skill, and very bad predicting what will make them happy. The New Model of School Designing new model of education needs collaboration of students, teachers, schools, and government. Lets start with basic question, what kind of output that we really want from education system? I always imagine if schools can be place where students can come excitingly, full of self-directed knowledge, so much more passion and information about they want to do. It is the real learning process, they learn something when they have reason to learn it. First, we should waking them up to what is inside of themselves! If we are interested in the model of learning, we should not start from production line mentality. We have to change our direction from conformity-standardised testing and curriculum to divergent thinking. Divergent thinking is an essential capacity for creativity-the process of having original ideas that have value. It is ability to see lots of possible answers to a question, lots of ways to interpret a question, and to think laterally, not just in linear or convergent ways. We might not judge this subject is superior and this is not. We teach them how to believe their self interest, appreciate it, and facilitate that. It also crucial to change the culture of our institutions that treat academic students as the potentials product and non-academic students as the residuals. Second, we have to cut the disengaged chain between school and the reality. We must revised our goal: score oriented become exploration oriented. Students are not teached how to answer questions on the exam, but how one problem in the real word can be connected and answered by theory they learned in the class. They must not forced to forget their favourite games or television channels, but we lead combine them with education. The point is, we do not limit their imagination. They may come with unique questions or even unanswerable, but it is the way they can start thinking critically.Students will understand how their school linked to their life, and they used to see things from science perspective. Third, focusing on the reading comprehension and critical skill. Actually, it based on Indonesia condition. Trends in International Mathematics and Science (TIMSS) and Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) assessment revealed that the reading ability of Indonesian children is low. Whereas, reading ability is the fundamental of science learning. Why it can happen? One of the reason is, we do not have reading comprehension curriculum, we only have language curriculum. I also have just learned that reading to understanding is by making annotation beside the important paragraph and rewrite it on our own words through essay, not the multiple choice. The multiple choice-we used to use, is not stimulate students to love literacy and read, causing the open-minded is not formed. Finally, they do not know how to solve a problem-things they will face in reality. As I said before, this education reform also need teacher collaboration. We know, sometimes teacher treats their students as how they were treated by their teacher. It is totally different. Today generation is immune from such rigid school and strict rules are not effective anymore. Teachers have to know how to make them go to school voluntarily and fully motivated. The classroom has to be designed to provide enough space for improving students imagination and exploration. However, teachers are the executor of curriculum in the class. Go through country with the best education system, Finland, teachers there are well educated and trained. Better education system need better human resource to deliver it. Finally, what I hope to be in the new model of school and high school for 21st century are the students that full of learning enthusiasm and the teachers that focuses on exploration rather than how to prepare students passing the exam. I want reading-writing culture and curiosity colored the school. I do not want modern institution dumped critical thinking just because there is not any argument facilitator. Education is not knowledge transfer that remake students as a blueprint of their teacher. Students must have ability to transform the knowledge, so the final goal of education to put out generations who can answer the era threat can be achieved. As the Malcolm Forbes quotes Educations purpose to replace an empty mind with an open one

How much should be spend on the military?

How much should be spend on the military? Topic: â€Å" Evaluate the idea that governments should spend less money on war and their military, and more on other areas such as health care and education† In recent years, developing a comprehensive nation must rely on many areas such as environmental protection, health and education. Military can be defined as one of the areas that need attention. Some suggested that the military must be kept as strong as possible because the world is a dangerous place. There have been two major wars in the past which include World War 1 and World War 2 where heavy losses was experienced, but in the end the results showed that the government with the highest power of military could lead to victory. History has proven that war could happen again anytime and with the world getting more dangerous every year, especially now that the world is experiencing economic turmoil. There can be no doubt that the next major war will happen within a few years. In particular, China is now considered as a number one threat to the U.S. economy and the safety of the sea in the Asian area. This stems from national interests with Chinas ambition to become the number one position in the world. A recent report shows that China is increasing their military budget, which should be alarming and be monitored closely. On the other hand, many believe that the government should spend more on other areas such as educational welfare and the health system instead of investing in going to war and pouring money into another country. Even though a country may be considered as having one of the best health and educational systems in the world, there are always areas where improvement is needed. Every country should be obligated to make every effort to do that. Health and education really matter for the future of the country and its people. This essay seeks to address the following question: Should the government cut some of the Department of Defence’s budget and dedicate more funding to education and health care. This paper has been divided into three parts. The first part deals with consequences of investing too much budget on the military and war. Secondly, why do the government need to pay more attention to health issues? Finally, the achievement of educational development will be clarified. First of all, using a large amount of the government’s money for development of military and wars could lead to a shortage of the budget leading to an economic crisis. Consequently, the more they spend, the more they will be in debt. In fact, people believe that crime can not be excluded by only spending too much money on the military instead of education or health care. For example, in 2011 America had a $553 billion military budget which couldn’t even stop the prevention of the twin towers bombing attack. Even though America had spent billions of dollars on military weapons and security it had little impact. Many people questioned how come a county with such a high military budget could not stop a couple of hijackers from attacking one of the most populated cities in the country. â€Å"Of all the enemies to public liberty war is, perhaps, the most to be dreaded because it comprises and develops the germ of every other. War is the parent of armies; from these proceed debts and taxes †¦ known instruments for bringing the many under the domination of the few.†¦ No nation could preserve its freedom in the midst of continual warfare.†- James Madison , Political Observations, 1975. Furthermore, another example includes the consequences of the war in Iraq. With all the funds injected into this primary focus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹America is gradually losing their economic power position in the world and gradually increasing their debt. At the start of the Iraq war, the Bush administration predicted that it would cost the country around $50-60 billion in total. Evidently, they were wrong by more than a factor of ten, sending the U.S.’ debt soaring, a condition that has yet to be rectified. According to a recent study, the war is set to have cost the U.S $2.2 trillion, though that number may reach up to $4 trillion due to the interest payments on the loans taken out to finance the conflict. Of that staggering amount, at least $10 billion of it was completely spent in rebuilding efforts (http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/03/18/1732841/us-iraq-war-10-years/) . With the consequences of spending more money from investment budget into the milit ary and war, it is time for the government to balance the budget for the development of other sectors such as health care and education. Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of governments budget in health care of citizens. Health care is an index based on the evaluation criteria on the number of people per doctor, number of hospitals in each region, the rate of child mortality and life expectancy of the population. Some speculators believe creating a health care for the people will result in higher taxes with the government having to pay a ton of money buying medicines. In fact, every citizen at one time or another has contributed to society in one way or another. Every year, they have paid a very large amount of tax for the countrys development, therefore, they also expect to have access to the best medical services. Investment budget for health care services brought tremendous efficiency. Firstly, saving dollars, making sense, a research of U.S. suggests that improving nutrition programs for children and low-income mothers could save the health care system between $1.77 and $3.13 for every dollar spent. Secondly, this creates a better future for children, because they are the new generation of the country as they need to be trained and nurtured in a healthy society. Research leads us to believe that if children are exposed to good health services, they can avoid suffering from cardiovascular diseases, obesity or depression.( https://www.ecmap.ca/Early-Childhood-Development/Pages/Benefits-of-Healthy-Development.aspx ). Also the average longevity of the population increases the satisfaction and happiness of the people with social services. According to the World Health Organization France has the number one health care system in the world where the increase life expectancy now averages 85 years for women and 78 years for men. (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/international livingcom/best-countries-for-health-care_b_4773837.html ) Another area of government spending can be the investment in the development of education so every country can benefit from having a good educational system. How to organize such a system and what the optimal level of resources to allocate to it is of course a difficult question. Moreover, education can really shape the future of the country, whether that country has developed strengths in education or not. For this reason, education can make people wiser, therefore leading to good citizens who make better life choices which create a better country. With many countries, innovating education is often required, if not want to be left behind in the development race, which takes place increasingly fierce. Since a few decades ago, history has proven a rule, no country can be separated prosperity with success in the field of education of this country . Which countries disregard education or have not enough knowledge and ability necessary to develop education as an effective way, countries that may suffer worse consequences than bankruptcy. A great experience of the world has been drawn and is also summarizing the rule such as if a country fully invested in education, the country will progress faster in its development, otherwise, developmental delays or setbacks are inevitable. Alvin Toffler, futurist American said: The illiterate of the 21st century are not those who can not read and write, but those who do throw away the old knowledge to further study He also said that The World War III will take place on the field of education. It will change the basic direction of development of human civilization, which will develop strong human curiosity. Whoever slows in this direction, does not catch up with the general progress of humanity Japan is admired as a country with miraculous phenomenon. From a country of poverty and backwardness, natural resources are almost nothing significantly, the population density east, lost the battle, have been devastated by the World War II, but they have become economic power and technology to make the world to admire and marvel. What makes Japan go up so fast? Education is a great motivation to promote the development of Japanese society. The Japanese soon realized this when they would understand the secret behind that of the European powers, the United States is so well run education, training people qualified and creative energy in industrial society. Japan also influenced by Confucianism but they escape profound influence of confucian education receptive to Europe, America, and they took the country into one of the boom. In conclusion, the consequences of investing too much on the military budget and the wars, why should we go to war if we can not develop new technologies with smarter people, and there is no way that cutting any education budget will make that better. In a modern world, where the military is not the only weapon, the governments should concentrate on funding other more important things like public healthcare and proper education,or maybe even free university or paying of the debt. Reference list: (http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/03/18/1732841/us-iraq-war-10-years/) https://www.ecmap.ca/Early-Childhood-Development/Pages/Benefits-of-Healthy-Development.aspx http://www.huffingtonpost.com/internationallivingcom/best-countries-for-health-care_b_4773837.html http://www.takepart.com/article/2014/06/17/this-country-has-best-health-care-nope-not-the-united-states http://www.debate.org/search?q=the%20idea%20that%20governments%20should%20spend%20less%20money%20on%20war%20and%20their%20military,%20and%20more%20on%20other%20areas%20such%20as%20health%20care%20and%20education Stereotyping and prejudice: Stigmatized groups Stereotyping and prejudice: Stigmatized groups First of all I would like to consider what stigmatization is and what it means in the modern society. According to Anna Scheyett (2007), stigmatization means social stigma hanging labels. In this sense, stigmatization is the association of any quality (usually negative) with a specific person or group of people, although this relationship is absent or is not proved. Stigma is an integral part of many stereotypes. It should be noted that origin of the term stigmatization is associated with the word stigma, which in ancient Greece called stamp on the body of a criminal or slave. Since the second half of the XIX century the word was used in a figurative sense as a marker, and in medicine as a sign of illness. Stigma is more than just labeling. Public attitudes to the different phenomena rarely occurs quite spontaneously, without justification, it does not arise from nothing. As a fact, subconscious fear is the main cause of any stigma. However, this fear has always supported selective reporting in the media. As a rule, to create a social stigma to one quality that is considered to be illustrative, and a set of qualities that are attributed on the basis of having the first, as evidenced by the following examples: Women can not drive car properly it is a form of stigma associated with sexism. As a fact, on average women drive car not worse than men do, although, of course, they have their own characteristics in this activity. It is important that not necessarily every woman will be greeted poorly led and well-established stigma that implies. Germans are Nazis in this case it is used the collective responsibility (unacceptable humanistic morality) to justify the actions of individuals in that period. Homosexuals have feminine behavior it is the transfer of features typical for some, the entire demographic group. It should be noted that stigma can lead to discrimination as the real action that limits the rights of some groups. Though, in civilized countries a clear stigma and related discrimination are prohibited by law or condemned the culture of almost every society that saturated stigmas. For example, people who came to New York from the provinces, being labeled provincial. It is believed that they are less cultured than the locals; consequently, it can be said that stigma leads to discrimination. As a matter of fact, social stigma sometimes can be couched in positive form, for example, the military can praise for an unusually sensible idea for a man of his profession. Such positive labels can be no less offensive than the stigma explicit negative direction. At the same time it should not be attributed to the discharge stigmas each offensive or ironic definition. If a man was offended in transport, it does not mean that he was stigmatized. According to Patrick Corrigan, Amy Watson (2005), scientists distinguish following types of social stigmatization: Cultural stigma is social labels, rooted in the culture of the state or world culture (New Yorkers are arrogant). Institutional stigma is a legislatively fixed stigma (a man with a criminal record). Personal (or inner) stigma is a prejudice against yourself, based on involvement in anything (I am a fatty). As a rule, society establishes ways of categorizing people and defines a set of qualities that are considered as normal and natural for each of the categories. The routine practice of social interaction in the current environment allows you to others familiar to people, not particularly thinking about it. Even everyday language uses special terms to refer the stigma (e.g. cripple, moron, etc.) as a figurative expression. As a rule, we do not think about their original value, and tend to attribute to man a long series of imperfections on the basis of some of them. I think that in our view, the processes of stigmatization are formed from primary school, then developed and fixed in adolescence. Term labeling is associated with the position of a primary school teacher, as a teacher, which is attached to the childs socialization. He introduces children into the world of culture, and on how it is done depends how does child feels himself as a normal part of society or not. It should be tak ing into account that the stereotypes that were glued in childhood, often inadvertently fixed in the ordinary course of social interactions. There is no doubt that stigma can be created and can be reduced, but its formation occurs easier and faster. According to Catherine Campbell, Harriet Deacon (2006), many scientists consider that parents have great influence on the stigmatization process, very often adult family members do not think about the implications of what was said at parent meetings, visiting, telephone, etc. But in my opinion stigmatization is more depends on special role of school teacher. The current organization of the educational process in schools have increased focus on the psychological and pedagogical methods for determining mental and other abilities of the child, his emotional and volitional characteristics. Such an approach is often appears a cause in fact there is only a consequence of manifestations of deeper social, cultural and other factors in the educational process. As a member of a social group, the child or young person has certain social roles and comes with other group members and representatives of other groups in social and communication relations. Any person is included in the system of social relations, so is the product of social relations with others. Stigmatized identity is no exception. According to Daphna Oyserman, Janet K. Swim (2007), phenomenon of stigma is widespread in the educational process, as were evidenced by the study of U.S. schools students, conducted by sociologist in 2006. There were surveyed 448 secondary school students of different states. The study showed that as a rule students are labeled as bully, whore, junkie, etc. by 33,2% of teachers and 32,4% of other adults. Among the parents such occasions meets twice less 14,2%. It seems quite all right that 71,2% of respondents indicated that teachers formally conduct educational activities in schools. The findings suggest that in the eyes of American students responding teacher today one of the main stigma creator, put labels on their students, and therefore, has direct relevance to the deviant behavior of students and their psychological outcast class, and informal childrens groups. This analysis suggests that the stigma is one of the socio-cultural phenomena of the educational process resulting from a specific role identification and regulation of personal qualities. In this case, the norm and deviation from it belongs to the decisive role. Thereby, stigma in school performs the reverse side of used pedagogical techniques. In my opinion, the stigmatization of education should be investigated and deserves further research. I am convinced that this is a serious problem and society should react on such problems immediately. As a rule, the grounds for the social stigma may act as belongs to ethnic or religious group, physical or mental disabilities; very often people such categories like drug junkie, prisoners and unemployed suffer from stigmatism. There are many definitions of social stigma, Irving Hoffman, a sociologist at the University of California, is one of the most famous scientist of the XX century, engaged in the problems of stigmatization. In his book, he defines stigma as a quality significantly damaging social group. It should be mentioned that discredit is the central idea of the Hoffmanns concept. As a fact, a person belonging to a stigmatized group, considered inferior, and on this basis denied the rights and privileges. According to Being Targeted By Stereotypes And Prejudice Affects Self-Control And Academic Performance (2009), people are deprived of the right to be full the consequences of this are numerous and horrific. The majority belongs to the minority as inferior beings, flawed or dangerous, and believes that they have rights to feel anger and hate them. The majority discriminates stigmatized groups, selecting its capabilities, which should be equal for all people. For example, a landlord may refuse to pay salary to good housekeeper a representative of stigmatized group, and employer refuse to give a job. Moreover, most of them can terrorize the minority. Social stigma can lead to such egregious crimes such as lynching of African Americans during XX century, prostitution of Chinese women during the Second World War and the inquisitorial torture. It should be noted that Hoffman believes that the source of stigma lies in the man himself: the base is to discredit any quality of a person. Black skin of African Americans excites prejudice. The wheelchair gives rise to the stereotype of incapacity of its owner. Smokers are obliged to the stigma of cigarettes. In these two cases, the bases for stigma are the outward signs wheelchair and cigarettes. The irony is that the interpretation of the stigma as the inherent quality enhances the blame: it is characteristic of man that causes the bias of others. This arise an important question: does it follow that if African Americans have had a white skin, they would not be discriminated? Edward Jones and Albert Hastorf, and their colleagues from the Center for special studies Institute for behaviorism of Stanford University discovered this discrepancy and finalized the definition of stigma. They concluded that stigma plays major role in perceptions of labels. As a fact, stigma arises not when most people see a sign, and when the majority hangs on this feature label. Black skin itself is not a label; rather, in the view of Europeans black skin means membership to the second class people. It leads to prejudice. Injustice arises because of viewers perceptions. According to Anna Scheyett (2007), Bruce Link, a physician-epidemiologist at Columbia University, summed up these arguments and based on them brought four statements the criteria by which we can determine whether the group exposed to stigma: The differences between people are labeled. Beliefs that one culture is dominant comparing with others. Majority group discriminates minority group with labels. The group with labels has a lower social status and is discriminated. As a rule, advocates of social justice will tell you that any stigma, mentioned above is a terrible sin. Anything that deprives people of social respect and individual empowerment entails irreversible consequences for the cultures in which there are such injustices. Supporters of opposing viewpoints can recall the original problem of stigma in ancient Greece, where a special mark (mark on his cheek or shoulder, special clothing) have noted the people who represented a danger to society. Stamps warned that the man is the criminal or insane. Although this practice seems outdated, the public stigma still exists in Western countries. In most U.S. states exists the practice of registering sex offenders, so that people can, for example, check to see whether living with them in the neighborhood pedophile. Arrested for drunk driving must stick to the bumper special sticker. It should be mentioned that the results of scientific studies conducted over the past 30 years, suggests that the media is one of the most significant factors influencing the belief systems. Because individuals with diseases associated with stigma, usually stay in the shade. People form their attitude towards them on the basis of movies, television programs and news programs. For this reason, the media play an important role in the fight against stigma, against people with mental health problems, and media reports may be correct only if they are given correct and accurate information. It can be said that advocates of the stigma were founded upon the main idea of conflict resolution, according to which individuals often can not get along with each other, since differ in their interests and outlook to life, with those who are in power, have opportunity to express their views and principles in the rules governing institutional life, and successfully hang the negative labels on violators of these norms. They are interested in the process by which certain individuals receive the stamp of the deviants, begin to consider their behavior as a deviant. According to Shana Levin, Colette van Laar (2004), adherents of the theory of stigma Edwin Lemert, Howard Becker and Kai Erikson argued that, firstly, action by itself has not criminal nature. Negative action is not due to internal content, but by how others appreciate such an act and react to it. Deviation is always a subject of social definition. Secondly, all people tend to deviant behavior associated with the violation of some rules. Proponents of this theory deny the popular idea that people can be divided into normal and that who have some pathology. For example, some exceeding the speed drive, commit shoplifting, cheating with homework, hiding income from the tax office, get drunk, have engaged in acts of vandalism in honor of the victory of his favorite football team, violate the rights of private property without permission or rolled into the car of his friend. Proponents of the theory of stigma are called such action a primary deviation, defining it as behavior that violates social norms, but usually escape the attention of law enforcement. Third, whether the specific acts of people regarded as deviant depends on what these people are, and how the reaction of the others, i.e. this estimate depends on how the rules will prefer to strictly follow the company, in what situations and for some people. Not all those who exceeded the speed ride, shoplift, withheld revenues, violated the rights of private property, etc. For example, in U.S. African Americans are condemned for the actions, which is permissible for whites, and women for the actions, which is permissible for men, some may be condemned for the same acts that commit them with impunity friends, individual behavior may be condemned as deviant, although it is not violate any rules, simply because they indiscriminately accused of such acts, which they may have never done (for example, a person looks effeminate and it labeled as a homosexual). Of particular importance is the social environment, and then denounces it as a specific individual violator of norms or not. Fourth, the labeling on the people implies certain consequences for these people. It creates the conditions that lead to secondary deviation deviant behavior, produced by the individual in response to sanctions imposed by others. According to Shana Levin, Colette van Laar (2004), adherents of the theory of stigma argue that such a new departure from the norm triggered hostile reactions from legislators and law-abiding citizens. The individual receives a public definition, which is built into a stereotype, and is declared by the offender like crazy, forger, rapist, junkie or criminal. The label helps to perpetuate the status of an individual in an outsider (a person out of our circle). Such a master status suppresses all other statuses of the individual in shaping his social experience and as a result of playing the role of self-fulfilling prophecy. Violators of the rules begin to perceive their status as a particular type of deviance and shape based on the status of their own lives. Fifth, those who received the stamp by the offenders usually find that the law-abiding citizens condemn them and do not want to have business with them. They may turn away from friends and relatives, in some cases they may be jailed or put in the hospital for mental illness. Universal condemnation and isolation of stigmatized individuals is to push deviant groups, comprising people whose fate is similar to their own. Participation in the deviant subculture is a way to cope with a critical situation, to find emotional support and an environment where you take the way you are. In turn, enter into such a deviant group strengthens the individuals view of themselves as on the offender, promotes the development of deviant lifestyle and relax with a law-abiding environment. Thus, according to the theory of stigma, the deviation is determined not by the behavior, and societys response to such behavior. When the behavior of people is viewed as retreating from the accepted norms, it gives impetus to a range of social reactions. Others define and evaluate the behavior to a certain label. The offender begins to harmonize their standards further actions with such labels. In many cases, the individual produced by self-presentation, which coincides with that label, as a result he is able to embark on the path of deviation. To sum it up, I would like to estimate theory of stigmatization. The theory of stigma, not focusing on the reasons for committing deviant acts, it helps explain why the same act may be regarded as deviant or not, depending on the situation and characteristics of the individual in question. Many proponents of the theory of stigma applied to the provisions of the theory of conflict, primarily to existing inequalities in society, to understand what are the basis of the structure and social institutions, which drawn up and enforced the laws. The theory of stigmatization has its critics. First, although the theory of stigma helps to understand how individuals become professional abjurers, it does not show what caused the original factors of deviant behavior. Indeed, for many forms of deviation living conditions are responsible for the labeling on these people. So, it seems clear that the vast majority of people placed in the hospital for the mentally ill, experiencing severe violations associated with the inner psychological or neuralgic abnormalities. Their confusion and suffering can not be explained solely by the reactions of other people. Nevertheless, a large number of facts suggest that the professional psychiatrists provoke social manifestations of mental illness through the application of systems stigma, and not just discover the inner pathology or mental illness. Labels also play an important role in shaping the ideas of ex-patients clinics for the mentally ill from other members of society, and have themselves ex-patients. Secondly, the deviation can not be understood in isolation from social norms. If the behavior is not deviant as long as it has not received such an assessment, then how to classify such secret and remained unsolved crimes as embezzlement of public money, tax evasion or secret sexual violence? Moreover, many criminals convinced that the crime is a payback to the society. One study found that a third of crimes against private property committed by the conviction of criminals in that way they can get much more than by an honest, legitimate work, and another third of crimes committed are unemployed. I think everybody must think about this situation that we created. In my opinion people should be more tolerant to each other. Of course, this will not solve stigmatism problem, but it will help mitigate contradictions in our society. Finally, like said one wise man, even the biggest trip begins with a small step.